{"id":1577,"date":"2025-06-03T14:11:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T07:11:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/?p=1577"},"modified":"2025-06-03T17:01:03","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T10:01:03","slug":"phan-tich-tap-chat-trong-pin-loai-li%e2%82%82co%e2%82%83-bang-avio-550-max-icp-oes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/en\/phan-tich-tap-chat-trong-pin-loai-li%e2%82%82co%e2%82%83-bang-avio-550-max-icp-oes\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of Trace Elements in BatteryGrade Li2 CO3 Using the Avio 550 Max ICP-OES"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With the wide application of lithium-ion batteries, researchers are currently focusing on further improving their performance and safety. As one of the key raw materials, the quality of lithium carbonate (Li2 CO3 ) plays an important role in the electrochemical properties of the battery, where even small amounts of contaminants in Li2 CO3 can affect the characteristics of the battery. For example, excess sodium (Na) can lead to overheating, reducing the battery life and causing explosive events. Table 1 lists the maximum allowable impurity concentrations in battery-grade Li2 CO3 (\u2265 99.9%) according to China industry standard YS\/T 546-2021 for high-purity lithium carbonate1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/product-category\/phan-tich-nguyen-to\/quang-pho-phat-xa-cam-ung-plasma-icp-oes\/\">Ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 plasma c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng cao t\u1ea7n (ICP-OES)<\/a>\u00a0Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is a widely used technique to meet the requirements of YS\/T 546-2021 due to its advantages of multi-element analysis capabilities, low detection limits, and high matrix tolerance. However, the main challenge when measuring samples with high levels of lithium salts is the easily ionizable element (EIE) effect: since Li has a low ionization potential (5.39 eV), its presence at high concentrations affects the responses of other elements which have low ionization potentials (i.e. potassium = 4.34 eV and sodium = 5.14 eV), causing inaccurate results2. Although axial view offers higher sensitivity and is normally recommended for impurity analysis, the EIE matrix effect is more severe than radial view, making accurate analysis difficult. In addition, robustness of the instrument is needed for the analysis of a large number of lithium matrix samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7244 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154519.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Table 1. Specifications for &gt; 99.9%  Li2 CO3 in Standard YS\/T 546-2021<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This work presents a method for accurate and robust impurity analysis in Li2 CO3 samples to meet the requirements of YS\/T  546-2021 using the Avio\u00ae 550 Max fully simultaneous ICP-OES.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Experimental<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sample Preparation<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One unknown battery-grade Li2 CO3 sample and one 99.998% purity Li2 CO3 sample (Sigma-Aldrich) were analyzed. A 0.5 g quantity of each sample was weighed into a polypropylene digestion tube, followed by slowly adding 5 mL of 1:1 (v\/v) HNO3 and heating the sample solution in a Sample Preparation Block system (SPB, PerkinElmer) at 120 \u00b0C for 30 minutes. The solutions were then cooled to room temperature and diluted to 50 mL with deionized water.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Calibration Standard Preparation\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To minimize matrix effects, a matrix stock solution was prepared separately by dissolving 2 g of 99.998% Li2 CO3 in 100 mL of 10% HNO3 . The calibration standard solutions were prepared by adding PerkinElmer single- and multi-element standards to the matrix solution. The concentration of analytes in calibration standards are listed in Table 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7246 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154528.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Table 2. Concentration Range of Analytes in Calibration Standards.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Instrumentation<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/en\/product\/may-quang-pho-phat-xa-cam-ung-plasma-avio-550-max\/\">the Avio 550 Max fully simultaneous ICP-OES,<\/a>\u00a0All analyses were performed using an Avio 550 Max fully simultaneous ICP-OES, which features a unique echelle optic and segmented-array charge coupled device detector (SCD)3, providing high-speed analysis and simultaneous measurements of all elements. The proprietary Flat Plate\u2122 plasma technology4 delivers a robust plasma which, along with the vertical torch, ensures the measurement stability of high-matrix samples. Universal Data Acquisition (UDA)5 allows collection of all the spectral data for every sample in a single run, which provides flexibility of wavelength selection for all elements and simplifies method development, an important consideration for impurity analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Further simplifying method development for impurity analysis is SmartQuant\u2122, a module in Syngistix\u2122 for ICP software which provides rapid analysis of all elements capable of being measured on the Avio 550 Max ICP-OES6. SmartQuant quickly answers the questions \u201cWhat elements are in this sample? And how much?\u201d Built on UDA, SmartQuant rapidly measures all elements, displays their spectra, and provides semi-quantitative results displayed as a heatmap on the periodic table. These results guide method development by showing which elements are present and at what levels, so that quantitative analysis can be performed on the impurities present.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Although\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/product\/may-quang-pho-phat-xa-plasma-avio-550-max\/\">the Avio 550 Max fully simultaneous ICP-OES,<\/a>\u00a0has standard dual view capabilities, permitting analysis of any wavelength in radial and\/or axial views, its excellent sensitivity allows all the analytes to be analyzed in radial view to minimize the EIE matrix effect. A PEEK MiraMist nebulizer and baffled cyclonic spray chamber were used, which enable the analysis of samples containing high total dissolved solids (TDS) with less dilution. The instrument operating parameters and the wavelengths of the analytes are listed in Tables 3 and 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All analyses were performed using auto integration with a readtime range of 0.5-10 seconds. With auto integration, the Avio 550 Max ICP-OES automatically decides the most appropriate integration time per analyte based on a pre-shot. This optimizes sample throughput as short integration times are applied to analytes present at high concentrations, while longer integration times will only be applied to analytes with low concentrations, thereby providing fast analysis for high-level analytes while also allowing for accurate measurements of low-level analytes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7248 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154537.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Table 3. Instrumental Parameters.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7250 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154544.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Table 4. Elements and Wavelengths.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Results and Discussion<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The standard addition method was used to compensate for the high levels of lithium salts and improve accuracy for the determination of impurities in the lithium matrix samples. Excellent linearity for all analytes was obtained, with calibration coefficients greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (MDLs) were determined by measuring 10 replicates of the 1% Li2 CO3 blank solution and calculated by multiplying the SD of the 10 replicates by 3; these values were multiplied by 100 to account for the dilution factor. As shown in Figure 1, the measured MDLs of all analytes (except sulfur) in the solid are below 1 mg\/kg, demonstrating the excellent sensitivity in radial mode of the Avio 550 Max ICP-OES. With these detection limits, the method is well suited for the determination of these analytes in high-purity-grade Li2 CO3 matrix samples with purity \u2265 99.9%, as specified in the quality standard.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sample and Spike Recovery Results<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The results for the two Li2 CO3 samples are listed in Table 5 and show that the unknown Li2 CO3 sample has a purity greater than 99.9%, meeting the requirements for battery-grade Li2 CO3 , as defined by standard YS\/T 582-20137. Comparing the results with 99.998% purity Li2 CO3 , sulfur and sodium show the largest differences, since sodium- and sulfur-containing compounds (Na2 CO3 , H2 SO4 ) are used during production, whether from ores, brines, or clays8.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7252 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154554.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Table 5. Sample Results.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7256 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-23-091214.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Figure 1. MDLs in solid Li2 CO3 measured and limiting concentration of \u2265 99.9% Li2 CO3 specified in YS\/T 546-2021.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A spike recovery analysis was performed to investigate the accuracy of the results. Considering the measured concentration of the elements in the unknown Li2 CO3 sample, 0.5 mg\/L for sodium and sulfur and 0.02 mg\/L for other analytes were spiked into the prepared solutions, which is equivalent to 0.005% of Na and S and 0.0002% of the analytes in the solid sample. As shown in Figure 2, the recoveries for all the analytes measured are within \u00b1 10% of the expected values.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To check the instrument stability, a spiked sample was analyzed at regular intervals for 3 hours. As shown in Figure 3, the recoveries for all elements were within \u00b1 10% of the first reading, indicating that this method has good stability and reliability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conclusion\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In this work, a total of 20 elements in Li2 CO3 were determined\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/product\/may-quang-pho-phat-xa-plasma-avio-550-max\/\">the Avio 550 Max fully simultaneous ICP-OES,<\/a>\u00a0providing excellent detection limits, accuracy, and stability. The results demonstrate that the Avio 550 Max can fully meet the detection limit requirements specified in standard YS\/T 546-2021 for battery-grade Li2 CO3 of \u2265 99.9%. To accurately characterize higher grades of Li2 CO3 , it is recommended to use inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)9,10.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7254 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-23-091330.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Figure 2. Spike recovery results in 1% Li2 CO3 (0.5 mg\/L for Na and S and 0.02 mg\/L for other analytes).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7260 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/perkinelmervietnam.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-23-091345.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Figure 3. Long-term stability for 3 hours<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Chinese Standard YS\/T 546-2021, High Purity Lithium 1. Chinese Standard YS\/T 546-2021, High Purity Lithium Carbonate,\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/AMP\/Related.amp.aspx\/YST546-2021\">https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/AMP\/Related.amp.aspx\/YST546-2021<\/a>.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. \u201cConcepts, Instrumentation and Techniques in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry\u201d, PerkinElmer Corporation, 1997.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. \u201cAvio 550\/560 Max ICP-OES Optical System and SCD Detector\u201d, Technical Note, PerkinElmer, 2020.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. \u201cFlat Plate Plasma Technology on the Avio Max Series ICP-OES\u201d, Technical Note, PerkinElmer, 2020.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. \u201cUniversal Data Acquisition in Syngistix Software for Avio 550\/560 Max ICP-OES\u201d, Technical Note, PerkinElmer, 2020<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Consumables Used<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7258\" src=\"https:\/\/htiscientific.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/screenshot-2025-06-06-154606.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a pin lithium-ion, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a lithium carbonate (Li\u2082CO\u2083) \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1578,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-tin-tuc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tap ch\u1ea5t trong Pin lo\u1ea1i Li\u2082CO\u2083 b\u1eb1ng Avio 550 Max ICP-OES - HTI Scientific<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t 20 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong 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